Obama Care A Plan - 1364 Words

Obama care is a plan introduced in the US with the aim of reforming the existing health sector. The introduction of the plan was in the form of a bill that was later signed into law in 2010 by President Obama (Manchikanti Hirsch, 2009). Also, Obama care is referred to as Affordable Care Act (Manchikanti Hirsch, 2009). The act aims at introducing reforms in the American Health care system offered to the citizens. The Act provides Affordable Quality Insurance to the American citizens so as to help curb the increasing healthcare spending (Manchikanti Hirsch, 2009). The health reforms outlined in the Obama care include the introduction of new insurance rules to be observed by the Insurance Companies, insurance mandates and exchanges,†¦show more content†¦The law facilitated spreading of risks among insured individuals, thereby ending the previous state of discrimination experienced in the health sector. Previously, the American citizens had experienced discrimination in areas like gender and health status as well as facing different health care costs based on individual’s age (Manchikanti Hirsch, 2009). The plan imposes limitations on the previous discrepancies concerning the amount that individuals were being charged. Therefore, all Americans who are in the position to contribute towards the plan should maintain a minimum essential coverage while individuals who cannot afford are exempted from maintaining the coverage. The plan established a marketplace for competitive health insurance enabling many Americans to access group buying, comparing insurance plans as well as receive cost assistance. The other benefit of the Affordable Act is an introduction of stability to the American budget and economy. The available projection predicted a reduction of the budget deficit by around $100 billion within the next decade, after implementation of the plan. The provision of the Obama care provided relief to the American citizens by abolishing the various restrictions on benefits. For instance, the law abolished lifetime and annual dollar limits

Essay on Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) - 1093 Words

Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) Author of Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). The Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality than by faith, superstition, or revelation; a belief in the power of human reason to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints of custom or arbitrary authority; all backed up by a world view increasingly validated by science rather than by religion or tradition. (Outram 1995) In the eighteenth century, people started questioning the authority and knowledge of the church. New ideas placing human reason over faith and blind obedience began arising. This period in history is known as the Enlightenment. It is a movement, still in progress,†¦show more content†¦His lectures were witty and learned, and people went to Konigsberg from all over Germany in order to hear them. Also, his many writings provided a profound climax and closure to the period we know today as the Enlightenment. In an essay for the Berlinische Monatsschrift, Kant writes Sapere aude, have the courage to know: this is the motto of Enlightenment. Like his predecessors before him, Kant encouraged people to be informed, not just with the necessary information to survive, but with the information to really live and be prosperous. He sees the masses as they are: a large group of uneducated mind-controlled beings. He sees them as slaves to unjust rulers and kings, and also denounces the strict creeds and laws followed in religions. It is mere blind obedience when, as he believes, each person has the capability to know God and understand the universal moral code he laid the foundations for. The masses are deliberately very childish in their beliefs, and therefore, the Enlightenment is mans release from his self incurred immaturity. The Enlightenment was more than just the need for the education of the masses, it seemed to present itself more as a series of processes and problems than a list of deeds needing accomplished. Although most of the renowned thinkersShow MoreRelated Immanuel, Kant (1724-1804) Essays1201 Words   |  5 Pages Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in the East Prussian town of Kà ¶nigsberg and lived there practically all his life. He came from a deeply pious Lutheran family, and his own religious convictions formed a significant background to his philosophy. Like Berkeley, he felt it was essential to preserve the foundations of Christian belief. Kant became Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Kà ¶nigsberg in 1770 and taught there for most of his life. He was also greatly interested in scienceRead MoreImmanuel Kant (1724-1804) is better known for his Categorical Imperative Theory in which he bases600 Words   |  3 PagesImmanuel Kant (1724-1804) is better known for his Categorical Imperative Theory in which he bases the standard of rationality on fundamental moral principle. Mill’s on the other hand focuses on the Greatest Happiness Principle or the principle of utility. With regards to similarities between them Kant and Mills seem to have universal morality rules where Kant (duties) address one’s own will to be a universal law of nature and Mills (subordinate principles) acknowledging the same actions for all humansRead MoreComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. 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In the ethical system of Immanuel Kant, an unconditional moral law that applies to all rational beings and is independent of any personal motive or desire QUICK FACTS * NAME:  Immanuel Kant * OCCUPATION:  Philosopher * BIRTH DATE:  April 22, 1724 * DEATH DATE:  February 12, 1804 * PLACE OF BIRTH:  Kaliningrad (now Konigsburg), Russia * PLACE OF DEATH:  Kaliningrad (now Konigsburg), Russia Profile Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724, in Kaliningrad (now Konigsburg)Read MoreEssay about Kants Formalism Theory716 Words   |  3 PagesKants Formalism Theory The theories of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, have had an impact on the formulation and shaping of ethics today. Immanuel Kant graced this earth from 1724 to 1804. During his eighty year life time, he formulated many interesting ideas regarding ethical conduct and motivation. 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That the moral action does not consist on the consequences but instead in the intention of why the act was done. Its important to do what is right because it is right, and not for a personal motive. Kant does not believe in self-interest to be part of the moral worth. Self-interest such as wants, desires, and appetites are part of what he calls â€Å"motives of inclination†. He only believes that actionsRead More Kants Formalism Theory Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages Kants Formalism Theory nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The theories of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, have had an impact on the formulation and shaping of ethics today. Immanuel Kant graced this earth from 1724 to 1804. During his eighty year life time, he formulated many interesting ideas regarding ethical conduct and motivation. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Kant is strictly a non-consequentialist philosopher, which means that he believes that a persons choices should have nothing to doRead MoreImmanuel Kant: A Philosopher Who Influenced Society843 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophers that impact society is Immanuel Kant; he was a philosopher in the 18th century. Immanuel Kant was born in April 22, 1724 in Kingdom of Prussia, German and died on February 12, 1804 at age 79. Philosopher Immanuel Kant composed different point of views to courage that we understand the world better. Kant is trying to tell us that there are many things that evolve around this world and that every little single element that we do makes the world what it is. Kant is well known for his work inRead MoreEssay about Role of the Imagination for Romantic Poets1672 Words   |  7 Pagesstark contrast to the view of Immanuel Kant. 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Get Sample Solution on Health Research And Issues - MyAssignmentHelp

Question: Describe about the Interpreting Health Research and Issues? Answer: Outline of Problem Healthcare management emphasizes on controlling infection within the hospital for maintaining hospital hygiene. It is evident that hospital acquired infection which is known as nosocomial infection is a major concern for the health care providers and professional (McFee, 2009). Nosocomial infection can be described as the infection which has been acquired by the patient within the hospital who has been admitted to the hospital due to another reason. Hence, it means that at the time of admission, that specific infection was absent or incubating (Asensio et al., 2006). Additionally, the infections which take place after discharging patient and the occupational infections spread among the hospital staffs are included in the Nosocomial infection. Though rapid advancement in the health care due to innovation of efficient equipments and technology, infections continue to spread among the patients who have been admitted in the hospitals as well as the hospital staffs (Fridkin, Edwards, Teno ver, Gaynes McGowan, Jr., 2001). It has been found that various factors significantly contribute in promoting infection within the hospital among the patient as they have low level of immunity. Nosocomial infection occurs across the globe and it has been identified as one of the principles causes behind increased morbidity among the patients admitted in the hospitals (Newman, 2010). Formulation of Relevant Question A research and clinical audit can be conducted for preventing and controlling hospital acquired infections. Relevant research question need to be formulated for addressing the discussed issue. Relevant question will be: Positivist Approach The positivist approach in health care research focuses on discovering the general laws regarding the correlation among distinct phenomena, especially the cause and effect. According to this approach, the clinical studies or experiments are designed for measuring as well as explaining the relationship (Holloway, 2005). Moreover, it helps in testing so that a law can be disproved. Researches who adopt positivist approach focuses on putting pain under the microscope at the time of developing and testing analgesics and analyze the physiological response of the patients. In the context of social medicine, positivist theory can take some account but tends to scrutinize the social in physical terms. For example, it focuses on expressing how estimation as well as expression of pain differs in terms of age, gender and race. Positivist approach emphasizes on the cause and effect (Pope Mays, 2000). Advantages The major advantage of positivist approach has an ability to generalize the findings of a study when it has been replicated for different population. Using the quantitative techniques, positivist approach can forecast. This approach is appropriate for studying large population and it also helps in saving time (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2003). Limitations Some limitations of positivist approach have been identified such as the methods in this approach are found to be very flexible at the same time artificial (Boyte, 2000). Additionally, positivist approach is not useful in generating and establishing new theories. Positivist approach focuses on generalization and it is not helpful in analyzing a particular context. Inaccurate data collection may lead to change the ultimate result of the hypothesis (Bowen, 2001). Health Related Problem Health care service providers are highly exposed to several infections. Nosocomial infection has been a major concern for the health care management across the globe. It is basically a hospital acquired infection which was absent at the time of admission to the hospital. Ineffective management of infectious waste has been identified as the major reason behind the nosocomial infection. Nosocomial infections are responsible for leading to functional disability along with emotional pressure on the patient as well as health care staffs. Ultimately, it leads to develop some disabling condition which declines the quality of life. Additionally, hospital acquired infection increases the hospital morbidity. It is evident that the advancement of health care technology and procedures has resulted in increasing variety of process and techniques which are responsible for creation of prospective routes for infection. Therefore, the poor infection control techniques of the hospital facilitate the t ransmission of different bacteria among the patients as well as health care staffs. Moreover, the organisms which cause nosocmial infection can be transmitted in the community when the patient is discharged or family members and hospital staffs. Consequently, these organisms can cause potentially harmful diseases in the community. It is very important to take effective measures for controlling and preventing nosocomial infection. In order to eradicate or minimize hospital acquired infection, it is important to identify the root causes of this problem and therefore developing effective techniques for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection. The research questions which will address the identified health related problem is: Potential Ethical Issues A research study can be conducted for analyzing the major reasons behind Nosoomial infection in the hospitals and identification of effective measures for preventing as well as controlling hospital acquired infections. In this study, relevant primary information for addressing the research questions successfully. Ethical aspect has significant importance in different spheres of study. It has been found that some ethical issues are associated with the research study. First of all, the major ethical issue is associated with interviewing the patients. The confidentiality of the personal information shared by the patients need to be maintained. There is a significant risk of disclosure of the personal information of the patients. Secondly, another important ethical issue is gathering information from the patients who are yet to complete the recovery process. Interviewing them for gathering relevant information is not ethical as it could affect the physical as well as mental health of the person. Third important ethical issue is concerned with the confidential information of the hospital. It may found that some cases of nosocomial infection are not reported and registered. Accessing the information of the hospital may lead to disclosure of some confidential information. Using this information for personal use without the permission of hospital authority is not ethical. These are the major three ethical issues associated with conducting the proposed research study. The ethical issues can be ranked according to its importance in the following manner: Personal information of patients Interviewing ill patients Confidential information of hospital Annotated Bibliography Weinstein, R., Gaynes, R., Edwards, J. (2005). Overview of Nosocomial Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli.Clinical Infectious Diseases,41(6), 848-854. doi:10.1086/432803 The authors have gathered as well as analyzed information from 1986 to 2003 for determining the epidemiology of the gram negative bacilli in case of the intensive care unit. The study has been conducted for the common types of Nosocomial infection such as urinary tract infection, surgical site infection, bloodstream infections and pneumonia. This study was focused on analyzing more than 410,000 bacterial isolates which are responsible for nosocomial infections in the ICU. The study has clearly demonstrated that the gram negative bacilli is continued to be correlated with the nosocmial infection. It has been found that, for the past twenty years gram negative bacilli is the root cause of occurrence of urinary tract infection and pneumonia. Presently, it has been found that gram positive bacteria are associated with blood stream and surgical site infection. In this study each of the antimicrobial pathogen has been tested which has demonstrated the growing trend of resistance. Though it has been identified that the principle causes of nosocomial infection are same all over the world this study has indicated that the increasing antimicrobial resistance varies within a well as outside of a nation. According to Weinstein Edwards (2005), gram negative bacilli, for instance, P. aeruginosa, is intrinsically resistant to the antimicrobials or it has acquired the antimicrobial resistance. Hence it can be anticipated that proportion of the gram negative bacilli has been increasing. This study has identified prevalence of multidrug resistance is the major concern for the gram negative bacilli leading to the nosocomial infections. Hsueh, P., Chen, W., Luh, K. (2005). Relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections from 19912003 at a university hospital in Taiwan.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,26(6), 463-472. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.016 Hsueh, Chen Luh (2005) had conducted a research study for evaluating the correlation between the use of antimicrobial and antimicrobial resistance in the university of Taiwan. Data has been collected for the incidents where gram negative bacteria is responsible for leading to the hospital acquired infection in the time period of 1991 to 2003. The researchers have evaluated the disk susceptibility data of Proteusspp, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacterspp., Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Serratia marcescens along with other gram negative bacilli causing hospital acquired infections. This study has analyzed the secondary information relating the annual patient days along with consumption per year of thee extended spectrum cephalosporinssuch as ceftazidime, cefpirome, ceftriaxone, flumoxef, cefotaxime etc., aminoglycosides, -lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems during the period 1991 to 2003. This research paper h as identified the growing trend of events of several of these bacteria which caused nosocomial bloodstream infection during 191 to 2003. Additionally, it has been identified that number of days spent by the patients in the hospitals have enhanced significantly. However, the trend has slightly changed in the year 2003 due to significant epidemic of respiratory syndrome in the nation. The statistical analysis of the study has demostarted a significant correlation between the growing resistance for ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime in E coli and higher consumption of the carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones etc. among the patients admitted in the university hospital of Taiwan. The research study has reached a conclusion that the increased antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacterspp (which is resistant to meropenem) and K. pneumonia (which is resistant to ciprofloxacin) has a significant correlation with the increasing utilization of the cephalosporins. The study h as exhibited major change in the use of antimicrobial which has influenced the antimicrobial resistances in case of some specific gram negative bacteria in the hospitals. Ibrahim, E. H., Sherman, G., Ward, S., Fraser, V. J., Kollef, M. H. (2000). The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting.Chest Journal,118(1), 146-155. This study has been conducted with the aim of evaluation of the correlation between the competence of antimicrobial treatment for one of the most common nosocomial bloodstream infection and the results among the people who require to get admitted in the intensive care unit. The study has been designed in a prospective cohort study for 492 patients in a hospital. In this study primary data has been collected through patient surveillance. The research study has demonstrated that 29.9% of the sample population has received insufficient antimicrobial treatment in case of the hospital acquired bloodstream infection. Additionally, the study has analyzed the mortality rate of the patients admitted in the hospital having a nosocomial bloodstream infection. It has been found that the patients receiving sufficient antimicrobial treatment has lower mortality rate in comparison to the patients receiving insufficient antimicrobial treatment. The statistical analysis conducted in this research has recognized the insufficient antimicrobial treatment in the hospital as the independent determinant of the hospital mortality. Moreover, this study has also identified the principle causes of bloodstream infections. The common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus (resistant to oxacilin), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci (resistant to vancomycin), coagulase-negative staphylococci, Candida species. This study has provided an insight regarding the administration of the insufficient antimicrobial treatment for the victims of nosocomial bloodstream infection which has a significant association with the hospital mortality. The study has concluded that the hospitals must focus on putting significant effort in order to minimize inadequacy in terms of antimicrobial treatment. Rosenthal, V. D., Maki, D. G., Salomao, R., Moreno, C. A., Mehta, Y., Higuera, F., . Leblebicioglu, H. (2006). Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries.Annals of internal medicine,145(8), 582-591. The research study has emphasized on analyzing the role of the medical devices in spreading nosocomial infection. It is evident that the medical devices in the intensive care units of the hospital are a major issues related to the patient safety. The major aim of this study is to find out the incidents of nosocomial infection generated from the medical devices in the intensive care units of the developing nations. In this study, 46 hospitals of developing countries such as Brazil, India, Morocco, Colombia, Argentia, Peru, Mexico etc have been considered for conducting the study. The study has found that during 2002 2005, the 14.7% patients in the ICU of the studied hospitals had been suffering from hospital acquired infection caused by the medical devices. This study has implied that the patients have greater risk of ventilator associated pneumonia. Ventilators account for almost 41% device related nosocomial infections. Additionally, it has been found that the patients are highly vulnerable to the bloodstream infections which are associated with the central venous catheter. Urinary tract infections are related to catheter which has been found to be very common in case of the ICUs of the studied hospitals. The findings of the research included that most of the infections related to Staphylococcus aureus has been leaded by methicillin resistant strains. This research study has concluded that t he intensive care units of the developing countries are exposed to significant risk related to the medical devices which is considered to be a significant threat associated with the patient safety. This study has recommended that active control as well as prevention program must be designed and implemented for offering high range of patient safety. Ouderkirk, J., Nord, J., Turett, G., Kislak, J. (2003). Polymyxin B Nephrotoxicity and Efficacy against Nosocomial Infections Caused by Multiresistant Gram-Negative Bacteria.Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy,47(8), 2659-2662. doi:10.1128/aac.47.8.2659-2662.2003 The principle objective of this paper is to find out the effectiveness of the systematic colistin therapy for treating the nosocomial infections which has been caused due to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii which are multi drug resistant. Additionally, this paper has been focusing on the scrutinizing the relevant incidents which are adverse in terms of outcomes. In this paper, Ouderkirk, Nord, Turett Kislak, (2003), a research report of the study which was conducted in the university hospital of Tunisia has been presented. The study was conducted on 75 people who had been suffering from seventy eight hospital acquired infections due to P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii which are resistant to multidrug. This study was conducted for the patients admitted in the intensive care units and primary data was collected. The research method focused on conducting a practical intervention for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection. In this study, the patients were treated with colistin sulphomethate sodium. The procedure was administrated intravenously. Additionally, the dosage of the colistin sulphomethate sodium was adjusted as per the renal function of the patients. In this study, thee researchers have used statistical methods such as linear regression that has been utilized for analyzing the correlation between the chosen variables. From this study it can be inferred that colistin is safe and can be used for treating the patients suffering from nosocomial infections due to the multi drug resistant. Hence, this study has recommended use of colistin as a salvage therapy for the patients where the hospital acquired infection is severe and the infections caused by the multi drug resistant. Jain, M. (2006). Decline in ICU adverse events, nosocomial infections and cost through a quality improvement initiative focusing on teamwork and culture change.Quality And Safety In Health Care,15(4), 235-239. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.016576 Previous studies have identified that in the intensive care units, hospital acquired infections take place for almost 10% patients. Some research studies have demonstrated that an initiative for enhancing quality can contribute in declining the infections which are acquired within the hospital, mortality rate along with the cost. On the basis of the past studies, Jain (2006), has conducted a study in a hospital which is situated in the northern region of Mississippi. It has been found that the average occupancy rate of the intensive care unit of the hospital having 28 beds is 95%. An initiative was adopted by the researcher for improving the rate of infections which have been acquired in the hospitals declining the number of adverse incidents in ICU along with decreasing the tenure of stay in ICU. In this research, four changes were implemented and the first is facilitation of multidisciplinary rounds which had been led by the physicians. A flow meeting was conducted daily for assessing the availability of bed. Bundles refers to the third change that refers to the set of evidences which are based on the best practices. Cultural changes have been facilitated where the emphasis was given on the team decision making. The research study has demonstrated significant impact of the change implemented by Jain (2006). It has been observed that the rate of nonsocial infection such as blood stream infection, ventilation related pneumonia and urinary tract infection has declined. The study has clearly implied that adoption of a systematic approach for improving the settings in the intensive care units can exhibit significant result. It has been found that the multidisciplinary team has contributed in enhancing the communication and the bundles have offered consistency of evidence based practice. The flow meeting was found to be effective as it assisted in prioritization of the tasks and developed a new culture for decision making empowered by the members of the team. Urrea, M., Pons, M., Serra, M., Latorre, C., Palomeque, A. (2003). Prospective incidence study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,22(6), 490-493. This study has been conducted for analyzing the incidents of nosocomial infection in case of the intensive care units for pediatrics. It is evident that the infections acquired within the hospital lead to the mortality, morbidity or elongated hospital stay in the in case of the intensive care units of pediatrics department. The study was based on surveillance and it was conducted in the university hospital in Bercelona. The study aimed to scrutinize the epidemiologic profile of the hospital acquired diseases. In this study, for describing the nosocomial infection, the definition provided by Centres for Diseases Control and Prevention has been used a standard. Primary data was collected for identification of the external risk factors which is related to the nosocomial infection. This study has found that, during that six month period almost 15.1% patients were suffering from nosocomial infections. The findings of the study stated that the incidence of nosocomial infection is 1.5% in the pediatric intensive care units. The patients with cardiac surgery are found to be highly vulnerable to the nosocomial infections. Additionally, this study had focused on identification of the common types of hospital acquired infections. Bacteremia has the highest rate of occurrence in the pediatric intensive care units. Moreover, urinary tract infection and respiratory infections are the most common nosocomial infections. It has been found that these nosocomial infections have a significant correlation with the utilization of the invasive devices. This study has been able to isolate two most common organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Coagulase-negative staphylococci. The duration of staying in the hospital for the patients with nosocmial infection is 22.5 days and 9 days fo r the patients without infections. Levin, A., Levy, C., Manrique, A., Medeiros, E., Costa, S. (2003). Severe nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,21(1), 58-62. doi:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00276-5 In the hospitals, Acinetobacter baumannii leads to various infections such as bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection, meningitis and pneumonia. Across the world issues resistant to multidrug has been identified as the major problem which is growing concern of the health care providers. Acinetobacter has been found to be resistant to all the antimicrobials that are commercially available. This study conducted by Levin, Levy, Manrique, Medeiros Costa (2003) focused on scrutinizing the clinical competence of the combination of ampicillin and sulbactam for treating the infection caused by the Acinetobacter baumannii. Primary data was collected for this study for gathering information regarding the infection caused by the Acinetobacter baumannii which is multidrug resistant. In this study the patients were treated with the combination of sulbactam and amplicillin. It has been observed that the Acinetobacter baumannii leaded to death of 80% of the patients having different nosocomial infections. However, patients with urinary tract infections have survived. Most of the patients considered in this study were at the terminal stage and they did not have any other therapeutic option. According to Levin, Levy, Manrique, Medeiros Costa (2003) , this study has implied that treating the patients with nosocomial infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii is effective. Hence, from this study it can be inferred that combination of sulbactam and amplicillin is safe as well as effective therapeutic option for treating severe infection that has been caused due to the Acinetobacter baumannii. Segers, P., Speekenbrink, R., Ubbink, D., van Ogtrop, M., de Mol, B. (2006). Prevention of Nosocomial Infection in Cardiac Surgery by Decontamination of the Nasopharynx and Oropharynx With Chlorhexidine Gluconate, A Randomized Controlled Trial.JAMA,296(20), 2460. doi:10.1001/jama.296.20.2460 This paper aims to identify a prevention mechanism for nosocomial infection in case of the cardiac surgery. Past research studies have identified nosocomial infection as a significant cause behind mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. Therefore, this study has been conducted by Segers, Speekenbrink, Ubbink, van Ogtrop de Mol (2006), for determining the effectiveness of the perioperative decontamination of the oropharynxand nasopharynx in order to reduce nosocomial infection after the cardiac surgery. A double blind, randomized, prospective and placebo controlled clinical trial had been conducted by the researchers on the patients who have been undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. The major intervention of this clinical study is use of nasal ointment which will contain placebo or chlorhexidine gluconate. The findings of the study implied that the use of chlorhexidine gluconate has helped in declining the rate of respiratory tract infection along with severe surgical site infections. Additionally, in order to prevent nosocomial infection, the patients were treated with chlorhexidine gluconatein have demonstrated notable reduction in rate of Staphylococcus aureusnasal carriage. Additionally, the study has indicated that the use of chlorhexidine gluconatein has helped in shorten the duration of stay in hospital. Hence, the major findings of the study clearly implies that one of the most effective prevention mechanism of nosocomial infection is to decontaminate oropharynx with nasophary nx along with chlorhexidine gluconateafter occurrence of cardiac surgery. Leone, M., Garnier, F., Dubuc, M., Christine Bimar, M., Martin, C. (2001). Prevention of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in ICU Patients *.Chest,120(1), 220. doi:10.1378/chest.120.1.220 One of the most common nosocomial infections in intensive care unit is urinary tract infection. The principle purpose of the clinical research study is to indentify whether utilization of a complicated closed drainage system or the two chambered open drainage system can help in differentiating the rate of acquisition of bacteriuria which is responsible for urinary tract infection. In this study, complex closed drainage system refers to the drip chamber, antireflux valve and a pre-attached catheter and provision of iodine releasing cartridge. The design of the study is nonrandomized and prospective and a controlled trial has been conducted to find a preventive mechanism for nosocomial urinary tract infection for the patients admitted in the intensive care unit. The researcher has conducted the study in the medical and surgical ICU of the university hospital for 224 patients. Two types of complex closed drainage system were applied to evaluate the difference. The findings of statistical analysis were not been able to demonstrate any significant difference between the rates of bacteriuria acquisition between these two groups. Two individual studies have been conducted for comparing the efficiency of complex closed drainage system and the two chamber open drainage system for preventing the urinary tract infection in ICU. As no significant difference has been noted between these two urinary drainage systems, complex closed drainage system will not be selected as the cost is higher in this case. According to Leone, Garnier, Du buc, Christine Bimar Martin (2001) it is not justified to bear higher cost without any significant implication. Mastretta, E., Longo, P., Laccisaglia, A., Balbo, L., Russo, R., Mazzaccara, A., Gianino, P. (2002). Effect of Lactobacillus GG and Breast-feeding in the Prevention of Rotavirus Nosocomial Infection.Journal Of Pediatric Gastroenterology And Nutrition,35(4), 527-531. doi:10.1097/00005176-200210000-00013 Several past research studies have proved that Rotavirus is one of the most common etiologic agents which lead to nosocomial infection among children. Therefore, it is evident that it is very important to develop effective preventive measures. One research study has found that LactobacillusGG can be very effective in treating the rotavirus infection. However, there is only one evidence for supporting the prevention mechanism of LactobacillusGG. Hence, Mastretta et al., (2002) decided to undertake a study for providing additional support to the previous study. Additionally, there is a strong conflict regarding the role of breast feeding for preventing the nosocomial infection caused by rotavirus. The major aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the Lactobacillus GC along with the role of breast feeding in order to prevent nososcomial infection caused by rotavirus. Mastretta et al., (2002) had conducted a double blind; placebo controlled and randomized study on two hundred twenty children. They were treated with LactobacillusGG everyday and test was performed for finding the presence of rotavirus every day even after discharge. The results of the study have not been able to find any significant impact of the Lactobacillus GG in preventing the infection caused by rotavirus. Moreover, an important implication of the study is found in case of the role of breast feeding. The study has indicated that the attack rate of rotavirus has been significantly lower in case of children who were breast fed in comparison to the children who were non breast fed. Hence, Mastretta et al., (2002) has clearly identified Lactobacillus GG was not efficient for prevention of the nosocomial infection caused by rotavirus. However, it can be concluded that breast feeding is more effective in order to prevent attack of rotavirus among children. Lam, B. (2004). Hand Hygiene Practices in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multimodal Intervention and Impact on Nosocomial Infection.PEDIATRICS,114(5), e565-e571. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1107 Nosocomial infections are persistent in the intensive care units for neonatal. It has been indentified that hand hygiene plays a major role in prevention of the nosocomial infection. However, the health care workers across the world have demonstrated poor hand hygiene compliance. The major aim of this study is to analyze nature as well as frequency of the patient contact in case of the intensive care units of neonatal. Additionally, the study aimed to observed the techniques as well as compliance of the hand hygiene among the health care workers before and after implementing an intervention program. Lam (2004) had observed the frequency and the nature of the patient contacts along with compliance with hand hygiene as well as the techniques of washing hands were observed clearly. It significantly helped in reflecting the baseline compliance. Additionally, it focused on investigation of the factors for noncompliance. The intervention focused upon problem based as well as task oriented hand hygiene education. It emphasized on enhancing the minimal handling protocol and clustering it with the nursing care, up gradation of the factors for the non-compliance, provision for alcohol based antiseptic, regular hygiene audit along with implementation of surveillance of health care related infections. The result of the study has depicted significant result. It has been found that the overall hand hygiene compliance have been enhanced from 40% to 53%. Hence, it can be implied that task oriented as well as problem oriented education system can help in improving the hand hygiene compliance. In creasing the minimal handling along with clustering the nursing processes can assist in reducing the total patient contact which will contribute in overcoming the major barrier of time constraint. Evaluative Summary Literature review helps in getting an insight to the past studies and research findings which are relevant to the present research topic. Annotating literatures on the causes and prevention of nosocomial infection, significant knowledge has been acquired regarding the topic. This section will emphasize on summarizing the principal understandings and ideas of the literature. A study has been conducted by the gram negative bacilli for identifying its role in nosocomial infection. Most common type of nosocomial infections includes pneumonia and urinary tract infection, surgical site infection and blood stream infection. . According to Weinstein Edwards (2005), gram negative bacilli, for instance, P. aeruginosa, is intrinsically resistant to the antimicrobials or it has acquired the antimicrobial resistance. Proportion of the gram negative bacilli has been increasing. Weinstein Edwards (2005) has clearly identified that the resistance of the gram negative bacilli towards multi drug is a major concern. Hsueh, Chen Luh (2005) had conducted a research study for evaluating the correlation between the use of antimicrobial and antimicrobial resistance in the University of Taiwan. It has been found that the use of antimicrobial which has influenced the antimicrobial resistances in case of some specific gram negative bacteria in the hospitals. The research study has demonstrated that it has increased antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacterspp (which is resistant to meropenem) and K. pneumonia (which is resistant to ciprofloxacin) has a significant correlation with the growing utilization of the cephalosporins. Another study has been reviewed for evaluating the association between the effectiveness of the antimicrobial treatment in case of hospital acquired bloodstream infection (Ibrahim, Sherman, Ward, Fraser, Kollef, 2000). It has been found that administration of the inadequate antimicrobial treatment for the nosocomial bloodstream infection can help in lowering the rate of hospital mortality caused by nosocomial infection. Various studies have been found that nosocomcial infection has a strong association with the medical devices used in the intensive care units. According to Rosenthal, Maki, Salomao, Moreno, Mehta, Higuera Leblebicioglu (2006), the infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is spread within the intensive care unit through medical devices. In case of the developing countries, the study has demonstrated that the patients are exposed to high risk of urinary tract infection. In the pediatric intensive care unit, occurrence of the nosocomial infection hav been studied by various researchers. According to Urrea, Pons, Serra, Latorre, Palomeque, (2003), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common organisms leading to nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit of pediatrics department. It has been found that the duration of the hospital stay is significantly higher in case of the patients with infection in comparison to the patient without infection. Past research studies have found that bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection, meningitis and pneumonia are caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Some study has focused on developing prevention methods for nosocomial infections. From the study conducted by Ouderkirk, Nord, Turett Kislak, (2003), it can be implied that use of colistin is safe and can be used for treating the patients suffering from nosocomial infections due to the multi drug resistant. Hence, the use of colistin is considered as a salvage therapy for the patients where the hospital acquired infection is severe and the infections caused by the multi drug resistant. According to Rosenthal, Maki, Salomao, Moreno, Mehta, Higuera Leblebicioglu (2006), effective prevention and control system need to be designed as well as implemented in order to offer superior patient safety. As significant studies have indentified the frequent occurrence of the nosocomial infections in the intensive care units, Jain (2006) have put an effort on the declining the infection rate through enhancing quality, better team work and change in culture. The research study has demonstrated si gnificant impact of the change implemented by Jain (2006). It has been observed that the rate of nonsocial infection such as blood stream infection, ventilation related pneumonia and urinary tract infection has declined. Reviewing the literature it can be concluded that adoption of a systematic approach for improving the settings in the intensive care units can exhibit significant result. It has been found that the multidisciplinary team has significantly helped in improving the interaction and the bundles have offered reliability of evidence based practice. The flow meeting was found to be effective as it assisted in prioritization of the tasks and developed a new culture for decision making empowered by the members of the team. A study conducted by Levin, Levy, Manrique, Medeiros Costa (2003) has demonstrated that treating the patients suffering from nosocomial infection can be treated with the combination of sulbactam and amplicillin as it has been found to be effectual as well as safe. According to Segers, Speekenbrink, Ubbink, van Ogtrop de Mol (2006), decontamination of oropharynx with nasopharynx along with chlorhexidine gluconateafter occurrence of cardiac surgery will be helpful in preventing nosocomial infection. On the other hand, literature review has also helped in getting an insight regarding the prevention mechanism of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in ICU Patients. A study was conducted by Leone, Garnier, Dubuc, Christine Bimar Martin (2001) for comparing the effectiveness of complex closed drainage system with the two chamber open drainage system in preventing urinary tract infection. Various research studies have been conducted in order to prevent and control nosocmial infection for children. The study of Mastretta et al., (2002) has clearly identified Lactobacillus GG was not efficient for prevention of the nosocomial infection caused by rotavirus. On the other hand, it can be concluded that breast feeding is has been found to be effective for preventing hospital acquired infection for infants. Lam (2004), has focused on analyzing the importance of hand hygiene in prevention of nosocomial infection for the neonatal in the intensive care units. References: Asensio, A., Cantn, R., Vaqu, J., Rossell, J., Calbo, F., Garca-Caballero, J. et al. (2006). Nosocomial and community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitalized patients (Spain, 19932003).Journal Of Hospital Infection,63(4), 465-471. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.03.013 Bowen, D. (2001). Research on tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction: Overcoming the limitations of a positivist and quantitative approach.Journal Of Vacation Marketing,7(1), 31-40. doi:10.1177/135676670100700103 Boyte, H. (2000). The Struggle against Positivism.Academe,86(4), 46. doi:10.2307/40251898 Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2003).Research methods in education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Fridkin, S., Edwards, J., Tenover, F., Gaynes, R., McGowan, Jr., J. (2001). Antimicrobial Resistance Prevalence Rates in Hospital Antibiograms Reflect Prevalence Rates among Pathogens Associated with Hospital Acquired Infections.Clinical Infectious Diseases,33(3), 324-330. doi:10.1086/321893 Holloway, I. (2005).Qualitative research in health care. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press. Hsueh, P., Chen, W., Luh, K. (2005). Relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections from 19912003 at a university hospital in Taiwan.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,26(6), 463-472. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.016 Ibrahim, E. H., Sherman, G., Ward, S., Fraser, V. J., Kollef, M. H. (2000). The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting.Chest Journal,118(1), 146-155. Jain, M. (2006). Decline in ICU adverse events, nosocomial infections and cost through a quality improvement initiative focusing on teamwork and culture change.Quality And Safety In Health Care,15(4), 235-239. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.016576 Lam, B. (2004). Hand Hygiene Practices in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multimodal Intervention and Impact on Nosocomial Infection.PEDIATRICS,114(5), e565-e571. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1107 Leone, M., Garnier, F., Dubuc, M., Christine Bimar, M., Martin, C. (2001). Prevention of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in ICU Patients *.Chest,120(1), 220. doi:10.1378/chest.120.1.220 Levin, A., Levy, C., Manrique, A., Medeiros, E., Costa, S. (2003). Severe nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,21(1), 58-62. doi:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00276-5 Mastretta, E., Longo, P., Laccisaglia, A., Balbo, L., Russo, R., Mazzaccara, A., Gianino, P. (2002). Effect of Lactobacillus GG and Breast-feeding in the Prevention of Rotavirus Nosocomial Infection.Journal Of Pediatric Gastroenterology And Nutrition,35(4), 527-531. doi:10.1097/00005176-200210000-00013 McFee, R. (2009). Nosocomial or Hospital-acquired Infections: An Overview.Disease-A-Month,55(7), 422-438. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.03.014 Newman, M. (2010). Nosocomial and Community Acquired Infections in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra.West African Journal Of Medicine,28(5). doi:10.4314/wajm.v28i5.55005 Ouderkirk, J., Nord, J., Turett, G., Kislak, J. (2003). Polymyxin B Nephrotoxicity and Efficacy against Nosocomial Infections Caused by Multiresistant Gram-Negative Bacteria.Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy,47(8), 2659-2662. doi:10.1128/aac.47.8.2659-2662.2003 Pope, C., Mays, N. (2000).Qualitative research in health care. London: BMJ Books. Rosenthal, V. D., Maki, D. G., Salomao, R., Moreno, C. A., Mehta, Y., Higuera, F., . Leblebicioglu, H. (2006). Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries.Annals of internal medicine,145(8), 582-591. Segers, P., Speekenbrink, R., Ubbink, D., van Ogtrop, M., de Mol, B. (2006). Prevention of Nosocomial Infection in Cardiac Surgery by Decontamination of the Nasopharynx and Oropharynx With Chlorhexidine Gluconate, A Randomized Controlled Trial.JAMA,296(20), 2460. doi:10.1001/jama.296.20.2460 Urrea, M., Pons, M., Serra, M., Latorre, C., Palomeque, A. (2003). Prospective incidence study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,22(6), 490-493. Weinstein, R., Gaynes, R., Edwards, J. (2005). Overview of Nosocomial Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli.Clinical Infectious Diseases,41(6), 848-854. doi:10.1086/432803

The South v. South free essay sample

The South vs. The South William W. Freehling I-How anti-Confederate Southerners determined the course/outcome of the civil war. Specific information was given by Freehlng to show how the anti-confederates southerners determined the course and outcome of the civil war. The information is discussed in the following paragraph. According to Freehling, the events beyond the battlefields partially determined military verdicts. Furthermore, home front and battlefront unveiled defining aspects of civil war. We will write a custom essay sample on The South v. South or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The division within the south also helped pave the path toward the war and also, the division among the southern and ome front dissensions determined battlefield verdicts. The outcome of the war was the collapse of the confederacy that was caused by the defeat in the military sphere, rather than dissolution behind the lines. Anti-confederate southerners piled on psychological, economical and geographical burdens that ultimately helped flatten white confederates resiliency. President Abraham Lincolns statecrafts, the unions anaconda military strategy, northern democrats and English mens attitudes seemingly tangential matters bore vitally on southern anti-confederates capacity to nfluence the battlefields and to illuminate important characteristics of civil war. The tale of the southern house divided, highlights under appreciated gems of civil war lore, including revealing code words, colorful luminaries, key battles and vital military orders, this tells why the war came. In conclusion, the anti-confederate southerners in so many ways that are discussed in the paragraph above determined the course/outcome of the civil war. 2-North had the resources to win the war but the South had specific advantages that made it difficult to do so The North which had more men, more materials more ophisticated weapons to military points of contacts were thought to defeat the less well endowed foe but it was not accomplished because the south had advantages that made it difficult for the North to do so. The North also faced some difficulties that hurt them and on the other side helped the confederates. The difficulties and souths advantages will be discussed in the paragraphs below according to how Freehling made account of it and to the way he illustrated it. The slave souths land mass was as large as the Western Europe and it was ten percent more extensive han Northern land which required the Yankee troops to walk thousands of miles to storm hundreds fortification to make themselves seen farther from the Norths better railroads and factories. The rebels in terms of exploding railroad tunnels, torching railroad bridges, and twisting railroad tracks successfully used the irregular warfare. They threatened to cut-off invaders from the Yankee home base, isolate federals from enforcement, and also subject them to revenge of an enraged citizenry, wild to redeem heart and home from detected Yankees. The southern tinkers fashioned a ea monster from a buried corpse, they raised the USS Merrimack and shaped it like a barn root witn root planted witn irons and i t became the worlds first ironclad, power-driven warship and renamed it the CSS Virginia which seemed a threat to sink the federals Atlantic fleet. The CSS Virginia sank two union wooden warships. The new rifle reduced the more industrialized norths military advantage. Rifles could be mass-produced in the south, mass purchased in England and mass confiscated from Yankee corpses. The confederacy adequately possessed the new weapon that boosted undermanned defenders power. In conclusion, with more railroad tracks, more ships, more firearms, more irons and more fighting men, it would have been thought that northerners should have easily crushed under industrialized, under populated southerners but with southerners advantages, it made it difficult for the northerners to win. This account will best fit the provide which says Those with head doesnt have cap and those who have cap doesnt have head this means that some gets the advantage but some had the resources, yet they were unable to win Just because of the advantages others have. -Why did non-slaveholding whites in areas of heavy black concentration side with slaveholders? How were the slaves prevented from escaping in large numbers? What plans did some whites in the Border South propose as a means to free their state of slavery? How did Masons Fugitive Slave Law fit into all this? The non-slaveholding whites in areas of heavy blacks concentration side with slaveholders and some slave were prevented from escaping in large numbers. The border south whites proposed a means to free their states of slavery. The following paragraph will answer the above questions. Whites in black belts had a pretty bad image about blacks that were free, they viewed them as rioters, rapists, arsonists and cannibals and they believed that enslavering the blacks in order to control the alleged barbarians was meant to save civilization. The whites were also obsessed with racial salvation and involvement with slave control. There was a proslavery theorist who declared that the entire inferior including the whites inferior needed a master, the non-slaveholding whites that could vote against the pretious squires and bring it down got offended by the theorists declaration. This caused the wise patriarchs declare that those who needed a master was the blacks and not white. The rich white men raised the poor white to equality in the brotherhood of the white men, dedicating to keep the blacks unequal. Some whites who were non-slaveholders had believed that they would become slaveholders too so they supported slavery with the hope that someday they will be slaveholders too. The border proposed a delayed legislative edict to declare slavery as illegal and the revolts that was held was a means in freeing the border state of slavery. The Masons fugitive slave law on its own was passed as a compromise that ave power to master seeking an alleged runaway to protect a northern commissioner to enforce law. In conclusion, the hatred the whites had for the black and the thought that when blacks are given opportunity to be free then they will have power and this made the blacks remain enslaved to the slaveholders with the support of the white non-slaveholders. The blacks were not even allowed to read or learn Just because the whites thought that that would make the blacks powerful. 4-wnat was Lincolns and the Republicans position on slavery prior to Lincolns election as President? How did the Southerners interpret his and the Republican stance? What did Southern secessionists reason/predict would happen with the Republicans and Lincoln in power? How did this interpretation and stance help to divide the south? How did it also cause great distress to anti-slavery people in the North? What was Slave power and why was it a threat to anti-slavery people? The Republicans and Lincoln took position prior to slavery; they helped in the abolition of it. The southern secessionists also predicted what would happen with the Republicans and Lincoln in power. The next paragraph consists of the information/ nswers to the questions above. The republicans introduced the anti-slave power and agenda that almost got the elected in 1856. They shunned every proposal to impose abolition in southern states and tried all efforts to stop the slave power from putting minority law on the northern majorities. They permitted no expansion of slaveholders into national territories. They hoped that the restriction of slavery to southern state would lead to extinction of the institution. Lincoln who was a republican also supported that slavery was a bad thing and must be treated as something wrong. Lincoln thought that the freed black slaves will be sent back to Africa once they were freed but the southerners state didnt agree with him but insisted that they have to decide about emancipation in their states. The southerners said Lincolns anti-slavery was bad and they didnt tolerate the reprimand. Some secessionists said that without expansion, institution couldnt endure. They predicted that the republicans would abolish slavery in Washington D. C. and that slavery would fade away in Maryland and the border south within a decade and that north and border state would possess three-fourths free labor state majority. The upper south stood against the new confederacy at the time Lincoln became the president, in the four middle south state, it was Just Arkansas and Virginia that called state convention to consider secession before the civil war began. Some southern states left the union after Lincolns election and some waved the confederate flag. Some middle south voted against disunion and some favored union that led to the division of the southerners. The northerners used the slave power to describe slaveholders offensive minded defense. It alleged slaveholders to silence antislavery agitation, ictorially suppressed white mens democratic rights. In conclusion, Lincoln was more concerned about a way in which he can put an end to slavery and give freedom to people especially the blacks and he accomplished this during his regime as the president. 5-What were the difficulties faced by the North and what would the north have been required to do to actually achieve their victory? Freehling states that union could have still won the war but that it would have been much difficult. In the paragraph below, the difficulties faced by the North (Union) and what they were required to do o actually achieve their victory will be discussed.

Paul gillmor essays

Paul gillmor essays Paul Gillmor was born on February 1, 1939 in Tiffin, Ohio. He graduated from Old Fort High School in 1957, in 1961 he received a Bachelors Degree from Ohio Wesleyan University, and then in 1964 he received a Law Degree from the University of Michigan, he also has honorary degrees from Defiance College, Ohio University, Tiffin University, and Rio Grande College. Paul is married to former State Senator Karen L. Gillmor; she serves as a Vice Chairman of the State Employment Relations Board. They have five children: two daughters, Linda and Julie, and three boys, Paul Michael, and Connor and Adam (twins). Paul is currently serving his 8th term in the House of Representatives, and he is also beginning his 5th term as a member of the Republican Whip team. Before being elected to Congress, Paul was in the Ohio Senate for twenty-two year; he served as the Republican Leader five times. He was selected by the National Republican Legislators Association as one of the 10 most outstanding legislators in the US. He also previously wrote an article for the Harvard Journal on Legislation, and he is also a US Air Force veteran, he served as an Air Force Judge Advocate during the Vietnam Conflict for one year. Paul is also on the House Committee on Energy and Commerce where he serves as chairman of the Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, the committee controls the areas of energy, environment, telecommunications, broadcasting, the internet, healthcare, consumer protection and trade. He is also a member of the House Committee on Financial Services, and they are responsible for banking issues, insurance, government sponsored enterprises, and public and private housing. ...

Defining the Big D - Emphasis

Defining the Big D Defining the Big D Kill the fatted calf: it seems we do now have a definition of the word Depression. (See Whats in a word?, below.) According to the Economist, its: a slide in peak-to-trough of real GDP of 10% or a decline lasting more than three years. Im glad we sorted that out. So were not in one yet, even if the latest estimate is for 4 per cent negative growth in GDP. Now, if we could just start talking ourselves out of whatever it is we are in

Whiteness in Americas Geographic Structures Essay

Whiteness in Americas Geographic Structures - Essay Example This paper highlights that   the way cities were planned and the direction taken by governmental decisions segregated black Americans from white Americans. The same trends can be seen taking place even after the civil rights movements especially when it comes to living in the suburbs which appear to be dominated by white people with African Americans few and far between. Lipsitz does not say that this division is out in the open, nor does the writer suggest that governments actually enforce this division but there is some blame given to the policy lines adopted by the powers that be. For example, more African American areas in the suburbs had been targeted for demolition during the constructions of highways than homes owned by white Americans and even though it may not really be a conspiracy, the statistics given by Lipsitz are quite startling. Perhaps the most important question raised by Lipsitz is the idea of enforcement of the law since the laws to ensure fair housing are certainly there on the books even today. However, it is the enforcement of these laws which is lacking and needs help from outside sources to support the case of those African Americans and other races who feel disenfranchised and left out of the housing system. Clearly, the African American / Caucasian American question still remains to be answered and housing is not the only issue which faces American in terms of race relations.  

Total Quality Management Question#1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Total Quality Management Question#1 - Essay Example (Course book 1.3) There are several dimensions to identify what customers want for the products and services. David A Garvin (1984) suggests that there are 7 dimensions of quality which are performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability and aesthetics (Garvin, 1984). Performance means a product's primary operating characteristics, for example, the characteristics of an automobile would be acceleration, braking distance, steering and handling. Features is the "bells and whistles" of a product, for example, a car may have power options, a tape or CD deck, antilock brakes, and power seats. Reliability means the probability of a product's surviving over a specified period of time under stated conditions of use, for example, a car's ability to start on a cold winter morning and frequency of failures are reliability factors. Conformance means the degree to which physical and performance characteristics of a product match with the pre-established standards, for example, a car's fit, finishing and freedom from noises and squeaks can reflect this dimension. Durability means the amount of use one gets from a product before it physically deteriorates or until replacement is preferable, for example, a car with corrosion resistance and the long wear of upholstery fabric. Serviceability means the speed, courtesy, and competence of repair work, for example, the concerns on access to spare parts, the number of miles between major maintenance services, and the expense of service for an automobile owner. Aesthetics means how a product looks, feels, sounds, tastes, or smells, for example, a car's color, instrument panel design, control placement, and "feel of the road" may make it aesthetically pleasing (Evans & Lindsay 2005, p163) For Billing department of a major copiers company, Company A (Co A), in Hong Kong, its primary responsibility is to provide fast, accurate and easy to understand invoices to external customers who in turn use them to process their payment. The meaning of "Fast" for Co. A means invoices must be sent out after one week of the report meter reading cutoff date, under our normal process. "Accurate" means the amount of invoices billed to customers must be correctly calculated using the meter reading reported from customers under service agreement. Not only the amount of invoices must be correct, but also the customers' information such as customers' name, billing addresses, installation addresses, serial numbers and models of equipments, billing period and invoice due date etc., must be correctly stated on the invoices for customers to review. However, only accuracy in calculation is not a good quality service from a customer's perspective. The ease of understanding of invoices is also def ined as quality for Co. A. If the invoices are not easy to understand or read, customers may confuse or take lots of time to read them which causes inconvenience or dissatisfaction to customers. "Understandable" means the invoice must be accurately reflecting the actual amount charges, and different types of charges shown must be distinguishable and the layout is in a readable format for customers with sufficient information that customers required. The information like last meter readings, the current meter readings , current month's meter usage, the unit

Ho Chi Minh Essay Example for Free

Ho Chi Minh Essay Within his years of living, he had shaped and changed Vietnam to the country he dreamed it to be by truly being a great leader of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh had been interested in Vietnam’s wellbeing from a young age. He did not jump straight into action and instead stood back and examined the necessities of gaining such rights, waiting for the moment to stand up for his country. His father believed that French education was only the best. Therefore in 1907, Ho passed an exam to enter the National Academy of Hue. He was made fun of because he came from a poor background, and the only reason why he was at the academy was because he had received a scholarship. His motivation was not wavered. In 1908, protests were held by farmers from nearby villages. They protested about the excessive taxation that the French were asking for, and Ho translated the Vietnamese language for the French. This was his first colonial encounter. The next day he was expelled for aiding the Vietnamese. As time went on he understood the concept of Marxism and strongly believed in it. In 1911, Ho boarded a ship set for France and took small jobs, all the while trying to gain knowledge about the world. His ideas for Vietnam’s independence and what it could someday be developed during his trips. In 1914, Ho Chi Minh began to build networks in the outside world and talked to his fellow Vietnamese about the French colonial rule. And in 1918, Ho Chi Minh wrote a letter to the President of the United States about how world peace could be achieved. This was the fourteen-point peace plan. Besides thinking of Vietnam, he also put the rest of the world into mind. This shows that Ho Chi Minh is thoughtful and avoids reckless tactics. After WWI he was engaged in Communist activities and was in the founding group for the French Communist Party. ? In his later years, Ho Chi Minh began to develop more plans. He soon became frustrated and indignant at the treatment that the Vietnamese were getting from the French. He heard about the Russian Revolution while living in France, and it offered millions of people living under colonial rule hope. Ho Chi Minh took inspiration from the Russian Revolution. He used it as a helping hand, for great leaders take ideas from elsewhere and use those to their best advantage. During his later years, Ho Chi Minh learnt of Stalin and Mao Zedong, who quickly became his role models. He believed the Communism would be what would allow Vietnam to gain true independence. Ho Chi Minh went to China and Hong Kong to spread the word about Communism and form Communist Parties. He was forced to leave when local authorities drove him out. He returned because he wanted the ideas of Communism, of the Vietnamese, and of his ideas to be known throughout. Ho Chi Minh was arrested in Hong Kong and remained in prison until 1933. Yet these roadblocks did not slow the motivated leader down. When Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941, Ho Chi Minh organized the Vietminh that caused the Japanese to surrender in 1945. Ho Chi Minh went on and declared Vietnam’s independence from the Japanese. At this point, Ho only needed to be rid of France to succeed entirely. Ho Chi Minh signed an autonomous agreement with the French in a conference. But his success was worth nothing when he returned home to find that the agreement was not effective. The French had already began bombing Vietnam to try and reoccupy the country. As Vietnam was low on resources, they took to fighting guerilla warfare and used a hit-and-run tactic. The USA and Europe backed France, while China, being a Communist country, backed Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was grateful for China’s support and won the guerilla war. Independence was proclaimed. Post-war Vietnam was split up into two, yet the Vietnamese did not get a say in this. Ho Chi Minh did not like the idea of fellow Vietnamese turning on each other, the South on the North and visa versa. He wanted unity between the entire Vietnam, and secession was the last thing they needed. Though Ho Chi Minh allowed his people to take part in various risky and violent events, he only did so because he thought it best. He had confidence that his people would win their battles and indeed they did. Though he was anxious and worried when the US arrived in North Vietnam to chase out the Communists, he helped North Vietnam hold together like a rock and won the battle doing so. He did not risk using proper warfare because he knew that Vietnam was low on those resources. Instead he took to hit-and-run, and the Vietnamese depended on surprise and speed. After all their hardships, they were rewarded with the unification of the North and South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was a great leader because he was willing to do anything to help Vietnam. He was expelled the next day of his first colonial encounter. He travelled to France and to the United States to gain knowledge. He wrote letters to important figures that would be able to assist them in making a change. No one was more motivated than Ho Chi Minh. Throughout the years, Ho Chi Minh held on the hope that Vietnam would someday be free from colonial rule. He pushed many Vietnamese to follow dreams, in more ways than one. He was the inspiration of his people. No man, woman, or child under his leadership detested his choices, for they understood that he knew best. In overall he did many things for Vietnam, and the people were grateful for each and every little detail. When Ho Chi Minh died due to heart failure, everybody cried. For a whole week, it rained, and the people said that the sky itself was crying too. Ho Chi Minh was a great leader, a father figure, and a role model to many Vietnamese.

The Economic Development Of Ghana Essay -- essays research papers

The Economic Development of Ghana Ghana is an African country located on the western side of Africa. Its neighbors are Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and Cote D'Ivoire to the west. It has a population of 18,100, 703 and a population density of 197 people per square mile. Ghana is 92,098 square miles and English is its official language. The capital city of Accra has around 1, 673,000 people residing in it. There are the physical statistics, now onto the more interesting part. The country's greatest strengths lie in its natural resources. In those terms, it is very rich. Cocoa, its biggest export, accounts for 15% of the world's supply. Also its gold production, in recent years, it's exported as many as one million fine ounces. Ghana also has a good supply of bauxite, diamonds, coffee, rice, cassava, timber and rubber. Moreover, since 1983, the economy has steadily grown. With economic recovery policies intact, the economy has raised 5% a year since 1983. Tourism also is growing within Ghana. Tourist rates are increasing also. With all these cash crops, costly goods, and economic restructuring, one would wonder why they need assistance at all. Ghana's weaknesses though, almost outweigh the strengths. Like most countries in Africa, Ghana is in heavy debt since its independence in 1957. It also suffers from high budget deficits. All of the foreign investors that come in only invest in the gold fields. The richest business, Ghana i...

Extending High School Essay

I don’t think high school should be extended to five years. Many students can barely make it past the first couple years. If high school is extended, then there will be an increase in the number of student dropouts. There will be a decrease in the number of high school graduates. Many students don’t like school, so an additional year may just be too much. Eventually, they will decide to drop out. More conflict will arise for those students who do not get along well with others. Most students think of school as a chore and not a privilege. They are desperate to get out of school. Adding another year will only discourage them in continuing their education. They will begin to feel like school will get them nowhere because they have been there for so long. Educationally speaking, there is little academic reason to extend high school. Increasing the time will only decrease the difficulty of the courses and not prepare students for college classes. Most middle schools do a great job in keeping students that want to excel in their studies get a head start for high school. In most districts, students who excel academically, and need less time in high school, have opportunities to take college level classes before graduating. If a student did not do well in high school, and decides to go back and receive his/her diploma, he/she can take remedial classes at a community college. They can then get a better job or begin their college education. Socially speaking, the school would then be a mix of students between the ages of fourteen and nineteen years of age. Social issues will arise between the younger and the older students because of the age difference between the groups. High school performs an important social role in guiding students through their teenage years. At eighteen years of age, a person is already an adult and should be socialized with adults, such as other college students or fellow employees. In conclusion, high school should continue to be four years. This extension will only make high school dull and unbearable for many students. It does  not matter how many years a student stays in high school. It is the quality of learning and the students’ own will to succeed.

Contribute to Children and Yp’s Health and Safety

MU 2. 4 CONTRIBUTE TO CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S HEALTH & SAFETY Check your knowledge 1. What does COSHH stand for? COSHH stands for control of substances hazardous to health 2. Name two other regulations that cover health and safety in children’s settings. Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences Regulation (RIDDOR) 1995 Food hygiene legislation 2006 – safe storage and preparation of food 3. List six routine daily checks you should make of the indoor and outdoor environments in your setting. ndooroutdoor Check that floor is clean, clear, bright and look invitingCheck that there are not sharp instruments, rocks check that all toys are securely place on mats, or well arranged and not damagedEnsure that there are not insects and bees nests Check that heating and lights are workingEnsure shed is locked at the end of the day 4. Identify two ways in which you can make sure children are secure in your setting. †¢Checking that the gates a nd the doors are locked †¢Ensure that the adult to child ratio is correct . List three aspects of welfare covered by the statutory requirements of the EYFS. Safeguarding and promoting children’s welfareThe provider must take necessary steps to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The provider must promote the good health of the children, take necessary steps to prevent the spread of infection, and take appropriate action when they are ill. Children’s behaviour must be managed effectively and in a manner appropriate for their stage of development and particular individual needs. OrganizationProviders must plan and organize their systems to ensure that every child receives an enjoyable and challenging learning and development experience that is tailored to meet their individual needs. DocumentationProviders must maintain records, policies and procedures required for the safe and efficient management of the settings and to meet the needs of the children. 6. Give three examples of how you might assess the risk of particular activities, taking the children’s ages into account. working with animals – the animals must be well trained, proper supervision and the activity should be made with children over 8 years †¢football – the children can hit each other or can happen accidents as breakages; as a control measure I need to provide plenty of space and not interfere with other games †¢ 7. Why is it important to record accidents and incidents? It is important to learn from mistakes and prevent children being injured or becoming ill in f uture and to report to parents. 8. List six items from a first aid kit. †¢adhesive bandages, †¢sterile dressings, †¢thermometer, †¢gloves, †¢regular strength pain medication, †¢Disinfectant. 9. What should you do in the case of an accident before you start to give first aid? Before starting to give first aid in the case of an accident is to call for an ambulance. 10. List three key signs of meningitis in a baby or young child. †¢Fever †¢Headache †¢Dislike of light †¢Stiff neck †¢Red spots underneath the skin that not disappear when a glass is pressed against it

Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction

Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction Over the entire 4.6 billion year history of the Earth, there have been five major mass extinction events. These catastrophic events completely wiped out large percentages of all of the life around at the time of the mass extinction event. These mass extinction events shaped how the living things that did survive evolve and new species appear. Some scientists also believe we are currently in the middle of the sixth mass extinction event that could last for a million years or more. The Fourth Major Extinction The fourth major mass extinction event happened around 200 million years ago at the end of the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era to usher in the Jurassic Period. This mass extinction event was actually a combination of smaller mass extinction periods that happened over the final 18 million years or so of the Triassic Period. Over the course of this extinction event, it is estimated more than half of the known living species at the time completely died out. This allowed dinosaurs to thrive and take over some of the niches left open due to the extinction of species that had previously held those types of roles in the ecosystem. What Ended the Triassic Period? There are several different hypotheses on what caused this particular mass extinction at the end of the Triassic Period. Since the third major mass extinction actually is thought to have occurred in several small waves of extinctions, it is entirely possible that all of these hypotheses, along with others that may not be as popular or thought of as of yet, could have caused the overall mass extinction event. There is evidence for all of the causes proposed. Volcanic Activity:Â  One possible explanation for this catastrophic mass extinction event is unusually high levels of volcanic activity. It is known that large numbers of flood basalts around the Central America region occurred around the time of the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction event. These enormous volcano eruptions are thought to have expelled huge amounts of greenhouse gases like sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide that would quickly and devastatingly increase the global climate. Other scientists believe it would have aerosols expelled from these volcanic eruptions that would actually do the opposite of the greenhouse gases and end up cooling the climate significantly. Climate Change:Â  Other scientists believe it was more of a gradual climate change issue that spanned the majority of the 18 million year time span attributed to the end of the Triassic mass extinction. This would have led to changing sea levels and even possibly a change in the acidity within the oceans that would have affected species living there. Meteor Impact: A less likely cause of the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction event may be attributed to asteroid or meteor impact, much like what is thought to have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction (also known as the K-T Mass Extinction) when the dinosaurs all went extinct. However, this is not a very likely reason for the third mass extinction event because there has been no crater found that would indicate it could create devastation of this magnitude. There was a meteor strike that dates to about this time period, but it was rather small and is not thought to have been able to cause a mass extinction event that is thought to have wiped out more than half of all living species on both land and in the oceans. However, the asteroid impact may have very well caused a local mass extinction that is now attributed to the overall major mass extinction that ended the Triassic Period and ushered in the beginning of the Jurassic Period.

WATCH What a CEO looks for in your job interview

WATCH What a CEO looks for in your job interview When interviewing for a new position, nothing can be more beneficial than knowing beforehand what you need to do to be successful during your initial time with your prospective employer.Daily Fuel sat down with an expert on the subject and one of the leading marketers in the United States, HelloWorld CEO Peter DeNunzio, who details what he looks for most when interviewing potential additions to his team. Source: [Daily Fuel]

WHAT IS ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WHAT IS ART - Essay Example We have creative art, conceptual art, abstract art, virtual art, representation, and other diverse forms of art. Conceptual Art is where the idea or concept is more important than the image. On the other hand, abstract art  is a form of art that represents nothing. Most significantly, visual arts  are a form of art where an artist uses MEDIA and the available technology to communicate about the self to the entire world or audience. It is the most diverse form of art as it reflects the society. As such, art has a number of purposes that include communication, entertainment, healing purposes, expression of imagination, propaganda among others. Art has various elements some of which are visual (Canley Davinci Group Web). There are numerous virtual elements of art that include color, form, line, texture, motion and time, shape, mass, volume, light, space, and value. Color  as a visual element of art has three properties that include the name of the color, intensity or  the purity and strength of the color, value, or the lightness or darkness of the color.  Form on the other hand is a three-dimensional and encloses volume. In addition, time and motion are also visual elements of art. Motion subdivides to actual motion that is live movement, which displays actual motion when we see it in person and implied motion and time is a non-moving image that shows movement through the attributes present in the image. Consequently, the illusion of motion is what we experience when we see a movie or series of shapes that note a passage of time (Larmann Web).  A line  is an element of art, which refers to the continuous mark made on some surface by a moving point. A line has measure, which is the length, and width of a line and expressive qualities of line  that define the individual character of a line. A line can be two dimensional, three dimensional, or implied. Shape, Volume and Mass

Artificial Intelligence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Artificial Intelligence - Term Paper Example Researchers can create systems that understand human speech, compete with humans during games like chase and imitate human thought (Harris, 2010). Origin and evolution of artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence traces its roots to the ancient-classical philosophers who described the human thinking process as a manipulation of mechanical symbols. This gave rise to the creation of a digital computer that was programmable in the 1940s. This machine was based on the conceptual core of mathematical logic. The success of this device acted as an inspiration to scientists and researchers to start engaging in serious discussions on the possibility of developing an electronic brain (Whitby, 2009). It is believed that artificial intelligence originated from proclamations and thoughts of the primordial Greek scientists and philosophers. The Egyptians then advanced it at around 800 B.C. The Egyptians constructed a statue of Amun, the great in the ancient city of Napata. This statue could move its arm and speak to onlookers. Although the statuette was not intelligent, it portrayed signs of intelligence that inspired the Egyptians (Harris, 2010). In the fifth century, Aristotle advanced what was considered as the foundation of artificial intelligence. He introduced a theory called the syllogistic logic that deduced the first formal reasoning system. Later on, other people such as Euclid, Ramon Lull and al-Khwarizmi came up with fresh developments (Whitby, 2009). Al-Khwarizmi invented algebra while Euclid introduced reasoning based on geometry. On his part, Ramon Lull invented a machine called Zairja. This could generate ideas in a mechanical and nonmathematical format. However, between 17th and 19th century, more ideas and descriptions were added to the thinking process. For instance, Descartes initiated the concepts that animals were just complex machines while Thomas Hobbes described reasoning as a process of reckoning. Gottfried Liebniz attempted to liken the human beings’ reasoning to algebraic calculations. He even developed the Liebniz Computer that could divide and multiply. George Boole who invented binary algebra further advanced use of mathematics to reason (Harris, 2010). The 20th century witnessed many advancements and revolutions with equally growing number of additional players in the industry (Lamb 1). The most significant invention of the robot was by Karel Capek in a play known as Rossum’s Universal Robots. The robots were portrayed as unconscious and mechanical beings who could work for humans as slaves (Harris, 2010). However, the most significant effort towards the advancement of artificial intelligence occurred in 1940 when the first electronic computer was invented. With the subsequent advancements in computer science and theory, artificial intelligence developed significantly (McCarthy 1). The leading brains in this field included Warren McCullon and Walter Pitts who sought to assign mathematical descriptions to the brains of humans. In 1955, Norbert Wiener proved that all the intelligent behaviors were feedback mechanisms’ derivatives (Whitby, 2009). The period between 1956 and 1979 was characterized by further advancements in artificial intelligence industry. Several research facilities on artificial intelligence were set up at Carnegie Mellon, MIT and Princeton. The administration of the US joined in during the 1960s and pressed for more developments on artificial in

Organisations and behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisations and behaviour - Essay Example Traffic lights are manufactures by Siemens and doctors in hospitals have MRI lifesaving scanning facilities made up of Siemens under the flied of advanced medical scanning technology. For instance, if we compare the organizational culture and structure of Siemens with Samsung, it will be apparent that there business structure is based on family linkages and centralization (Unisg.ch, 2013). There organizational culture is inherited by their predecessors (Dinitzen, 2010). It is also important to understand that the culture of a firm is the common way of carrying out Fof a company develops gradually. It is made by the employees that work for the company—its supervisors and staff. What the company stands for, its norms, values and motives that it seeks to acquire (its vision), are underlying aspects in establishing a dynamic culture. An effective cultural performance exists when people in the organization accepts the same belief and where they rely and value everyone’s cont ribution. Siemens’ activities are based on effective teamwork culture. This focus on the team has been well integrated by the international CEO of the company, Klaus Kleinfeld. Working in team work can significantly impact the organizational performance and this has been well understood by Siemens. The quality of its people and their teams is the most valuable asset, specifically in today’s scenario where the flow of knowledge round the world is happening with lightening pace. Unlike Samsung where the most important component of their success is innovation and procedures which they carry out to bring new products for their consumers (Forbes.com, 2013). Thus, organizational structure and culture adopted in Siemens have been a major factor in its success and is a differentiation among other multinationals. Impact of organizational culture and structure on the performance of Siemens Successful management of human resources department in the businesses is a major concern f or both the HR managers and other policy makers of the company. To gain a satisfied, committed, and well performing human resource for a business, managers must have persistency among the organizational system, structure, culture along with an appropriate strategy. Siemens strives to make all of it employees to be completely motivated and engaged in the organization and to feel themselves an important part of company success. People therefore need to know their important in the business. Keeping this notion in mind, Siemens develops precise expectations. Every employee plays a crucial role in acquiring results (Dinitzen, 2010). According to Siemens, their business effectiveness relies on the performance of each and every employee, their teams and the whole organization. Organizational structure, managerial practices, leadership and the process of decision making intervened by organizational culture, effective managerial style constructively influence employee performance. On the con trary, centralization, inadequate participation of employees in decision making, lack improvement, formalization and extreme specialization impacts the motivation of employees negatively (Macdonald, 2013). Expert guidance, decentralization, structure, adaptive culture, management activities, employee participation, collaborative management, work autonomy, safety and well-being, employee growth, and opportunities for employee development within organizational cu

Sunshine and Sunset Laws Essay Example for Free

Sunshine and Sunset Laws Essay Sunshine laws created by different states are based on the Sunshine Act passed by Congress in 1976. In the United States, for the first time, the Sunshine Act requires that â€Å"multi-headed federal agencies† or those agencies that are headed by a committee instead of an individual such as the Securities and Exchange Commission hold their meetings regularly in public (Bardes et al., 2011, p. 423). As the term implies, the government wants more transparency, as well as, give interested parties the opportunities to observe or participate if possible. Moreover, these agencies are also required to provide public notice of these meetings in advance to allow people to take note of the agenda and be able to prepare questions if they have any. According to the Act, the term â€Å"meetings† encompass any formal or informal gathering of agency members and this includes even conference calls (Bardes, et al., 2011). The only exceptions to this rule of openness are meetings pertaining to court cases and personnel issues, among others. Currently, sunshine laws exist at all levels of government in practically every state. Nevertheless, each state has its own version of sunshine laws. For example, in California, open meetings must be held within the boundaries of the jurisdiction of the organization (BoardSource, 2010). In Virginia, there are about 20 exceptions to sunshine laws. In Colorado, electronic mail, if used to discuss public concerns, also constitutes as a meeting (BoardSource, 2010). It must be noted that states such a Florida and Utah have had sunshine laws even before the passing of the Sunshine Act (McLendon Hearn, 2006). The purpose of sunshine laws is to promote public access to information especially when it comes to decision-making processes that the government takes. Sunshine laws also aim to improve these decision-making processes by allowing public access (ACUS, n.d.). Among the most important policies that sunshine laws highlight are (i) expanding upon the democratic tradition of the United States; (ii) providing a check on governmental power; (iii) making government officials more accountable to  citizens; (iii) ensuring that information and the authorities that bring it â€Å"remain diffused and broadly accessible by different interests within society† (McLendon Hearn, 2006, p. 646). To note, sunshine laws ensure that the investing public are kept abreast of what’s happening among the agencies that function because of the taxes they are paying. Sunset Law Meanwhile, a sunset law is a statute or provision within a statute that requires periodic reviews of the justification for the continued existence of that specific law, â€Å"administrative agency, or other governmental function† (Hall, Clark, Ely, Grossman Hull, 2002, p. 770). This means that there are certain agencies, for instance, that will not be in existence forever. It is necessary to put a termination date for certain committees, for instance, since they need to be funded and once their works are over there is no more sense in keeping them. Occasionally, Congress identifies an end date when it establishes federal agencies or programs. In the event that an affirmative decision is not made for the continuance of an agency or program, then the â€Å"sun sets† on them and then they become automatically terminated (Hall, et al., 2002, p. 770). The purpose of sunset laws is to solve the problem of â€Å"legal obsolescence† which is a term used to describe the â€Å"reduced usefulness or applicability of a statute, regulation, or agency† (Hall, et al., p. 770). Sunset policies are unique in the sense that they mandate expiration of regulations and agencies on a specified date unless it is determined by legislature that the regulation or agency continues to be useful. The underlying rationale here is that a well-run agency or still-useful regulation will have no trouble getting renewed. States started adopting sunset laws between the late 1970 and early 1980 (Hall, et al., 2002). It is important to note that although Congress passed the Sunset Act of 1977 in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, it was never signed into law (Hall, et al., 2002). Sunset laws bring transparency and accountability because there are multiple reasons why laws become obsolete and therefore no longer useful for citizens. Among these reasons are (i) laws are created as  response to specific problems or crises; (ii) specific problems with laws may not manifest themselves for decades; and (iii) certain laws become obsolete in the face of international competition and rapid technological advancements. (Hall, et al., 2002). Because some laws have funding components, or are administered by the same entities for years, sunset laws enhance transparency and accountability. In conclusion, both sunset and sunshine laws are created so that the publics various rights in a democratic society are promoted. The sunshine laws promote greater public participation in government matters while sunset laws ensure that government funds are not squandered in committees or agencies that do not serve any purpose. References Administrative Conference of the United States. (n.d.). Government in the Sunshine Act. Retrieved on August 17, 2012 from http://www.acus.gov/research/the-conference- current-projects/government-in-the-sunshine-act/ Bardes, B., Shelley, M.C. Schmidt, S.W. (2011). American Government and politics today: The essentials. Independence: BoardSource. (2010). The handbook of nonprofit governance. New York: John Wiley Sons. Hall, K., Clark, D.S., Ely, J.W., Grossman, J.B. Hull, N.E.H. (2002). The Oxford Companion to American Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McLendon, M. K., Hearn, J. C. (2006). Mandated openness in public higher education: A field study of state sunshine laws and institutional governance. Journal of Higher Education, 77(4), 645-683.